Sources & bibliography

Every threshold and concentration in the database traces to one of these references.

  1. van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D., Pollard, A. J., & Schat, H. (2013). Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction. Plant and Soil, 362, 319–334. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1287-3
  2. Reeves, R. D., Baker, A. J. M., Jaffré, T., Erskine, P. D., Echevarria, G., & van der Ent, A. (2018). A global database for plants that hyperaccumulate metal and metalloid trace elements. New Phytologist, 218, 407–411. doi:10.1111/nph.14907
  3. Reeves, R. D., van der Ent, A., & Baker, A. J. M. (2018). Global distribution and ecology of hyperaccumulator plants. In: Agromining: Farming for Metals (van der Ent et al., eds.), Springer, 75–92. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61899-9_5
  4. Krämer, U. (2010). Metal hyperaccumulation in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 517–534. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112156
  5. Verbruggen, N., Hermans, C., & Schat, H. (2009). Molecular mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation in plants. New Phytologist, 181, 759–776. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02748.x
  6. Rascio, N., & Navari-Izzo, F. (2011). Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting?. Plant Science, 180, 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.016
  7. Pollard, A. J., Reeves, R. D., & Baker, A. J. M. (2014). Facultative hyperaccumulation of heavy metals and metalloids. Plant Science, 217–218, 8–17. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.11.011
  8. Ma, L. Q., Komar, K. M., Tu, C., Zhang, W., Cai, Y., & Kennelley, E. D. (2001). A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic. Nature, 409, 579. doi:10.1038/35054664
  9. Jaffré, T., Brooks, R. R., Lee, J., & Reeves, R. D. (1976). Sebertia acuminata: a hyperaccumulator of nickel from New Caledonia. Science, 193, 579–580. doi:10.1126/science.193.4253.579
  10. van der Ent, A., Callahan, D. L., Noller, B. N., Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, J., Przybyłowicz, W. J., Barnabas, A., & Harris, H. H. (2017). Nickel biopathways in tropical nickel hyperaccumulating trees from Sabah (Malaysia). Scientific Reports, 7, 41861. doi:10.1038/srep41861
  11. Chaney, R. L., Angle, J. S., Broadhurst, C. L., Peters, C. A., Tappero, R. V., & Sparks, D. L. (2007). Improved understanding of hyperaccumulation yields commercial phytoextraction and phytomining technologies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36, 1429–1443. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0514
  12. Fernando, D. R., Guymer, G., Reeves, R. D., Woodrow, I. E., Baker, A. J. M., & Batianoff, G. N. (2009). Foliar Mn accumulation in eastern Australian herbarium specimens: prospecting for 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators and potential applications in taxonomy. Annals of Botany, 103, 931–939. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp013
  13. Reeves, R. D., Baker, A. J. M., Borhidi, A., & Berazaín, R. (1996). Nickel-accumulating plants from the ancient serpentine soils of Cuba. New Phytologist, 133, 217–224. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01888.x
  14. Fernández-Martínez, R., Rucandio, I., Gómez-Pinilla, I., Borlaf, F., García, F., & Larrea, M. T. (2017). Evaluation of different digestion systems for determination of trace mercury and thallium in plants. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 172, 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.10.005
  15. Reeves, R. D., & Baker, A. J. M. (2000). Metal-accumulating plants. In: Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment (Raskin & Ensley, eds.), Wiley, 193–229.
  16. White, P. J. (2016). Selenium accumulation by plants. Annals of Botany, 117, 217–235. doi:10.1093/aob/mcv180
  17. Galey, M. L., van der Ent, A., Iqbal, M. C. M., & Rajakaruna, N. (2017). Ultramafic geoecology of South and Southeast Asia. Botanical Studies, 58, 18. doi:10.1186/s40529-017-0167-9
  18. Nkrumah, P. N., Echevarria, G., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2018). Contrasting nickel and zinc hyperaccumulation in subspecies of Dichapetalum gelonioides from Southeast Asia. Scientific Reports, 8, 9659. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26859-7
  19. Ghafoori, M., Shariati, M., van der Ent, A., & Baker, A. J. M. (2023). Nickel hyperaccumulation, elemental profiles and agromining potential of three species of Odontarrhena from the ultramafics of Western Iran. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 25, 381–392. doi:10.1080/15226514.2022.2086213
  20. Zhang, W., Jiang, P., You, S., Li, W., Lu, J., Chen, M., & Jiang, W. (2026). Mechanisms underlying the accumulation and detoxification of manganese in Celosia argentea Linn. leaves. BMC Plant Biology, 26, 852. doi:10.1186/s12870-026-08664-x
  21. Abubakari, F., Nkrumah, P. N., Fernando, D. R., Erskine, P. D., et al. (2024). Manganese accumulation and foliar distribution in the Australian hyperaccumulators Gossia bidwillii and Gossia acmenoides (preprint). Authorea (preprint, not peer-reviewed). doi:10.22541/au.170664677.77944926/v1
  22. Abubakari, F., Nkrumah, P. N., Fernando, D. R., Brown, G. K., Erskine, P. D., Echevarria, G., & van der Ent, A. (2021). Incidence of hyperaccumulation and tissue-level distribution of manganese, cobalt and zinc in the genus Gossia (Myrtaceae). Metallomics, 13, mfab008. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfab008
  23. Harvey, M., Erskine, P. D., Harris, H. H., Pinto-Irish, K., Howard, D. L., Fabillo, M., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy unveils selenium distribution and a phloem-sink hypothesis in Neptunia amplexicaulis. Plant Physiology, 199, kiaf367. doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaf367
  24. Regini, G., Bettarini, I., Colzi, I., Corti, E., Papini, A., Dainelli, M., Guardigli, G., van der Ent, A., Bazihizina, N., & Gonnelli, C. (2025). Physiological effect of thallium in the facultative hyperaccumulator Silene latifolia. Physiologia Plantarum, 177, e70469. doi:10.1111/ppl.70469
  25. Jakovljević, K., Mišljenović, T., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Echevarria, G., Baker, A. J. M., Brueckner, D., & van der Ent, A. (2023). Thallium hyperaccumulation status of the violets of the Allchar arsenic–thallium deposit (North Macedonia) confirmed through synchrotron µXRF. Metallomics, 15, mfad063. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfad063
  26. Jakovljević, K., Salinitro, M., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Mišljenović, T., Brueckner, D., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Surviving Allchar: arsenic and thallium tolerance and distribution in Viola metallophytes. Annals of Botany, 136, 1515–1524. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf166
  27. Goudard, L., Blaudez, D., Sirguey, C., Purwadi, I., Invernon, V., Rouhan, G., & van der Ent, A. (2024). Prospecting for rare earth element (hyper)accumulators in the Paris Herbarium using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy reveals new distributional and taxon discoveries. Annals of Botany, 133, 573–584. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae011
  28. Remigio, A. C., Purwadi, I., Fox, N., Bostock, P. D., Martel, C., van der Ent, A., & Erskine, P. D. (2025). Discovery of new Australasian rare earth element hyperaccumulator ferns from screening herbarium specimens (preprint). Research Square (preprint, not peer-reviewed). doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669902/v1
  29. van der Ent, A., Malaisse, F., Erskine, P. D., Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, J., Przybyłowicz, W. J., Barnabas, A. D., Sośnicka, M., & Harris, H. H. (2019). Abnormal concentrations of Cu–Co in Haumaniastrum katangense, Haumaniastrum robertii and Aeolanthus biformifolius: contamination or hyperaccumulation?. Metallomics, 11, 586–596. doi:10.1039/c8mt00300a
  30. Greyling, S., & Pillay, L. (2025). Chemical analysis in Berkheya zeyheri: a South African nickel hyperaccumulator. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 27, 2031–2039. doi:10.1080/15226514.2025.2532748
  31. Jaffré, T., Pillon, Y., Thomine, S., & Merlot, S. (2013). The metal hyperaccumulators from New Caledonia can broaden our understanding of nickel accumulation in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 279. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00279
  32. Corzo-Remigio, A., Harris, H. H., Jones, M. W. M., Wang, T., Brueckner, D., Spiers, K. M., Garrevoet, J., & van der Ent, A. (2026). The nature of thallium crystals in Brassica oleracea (kale): a synchrotron multi-technique investigation. Metallomics, 18, mfag010. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfag010