Sources & bibliography

Every threshold and concentration in the database traces to one of these references.

  1. van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Reeves, R. D., Pollard, A. J., & Schat, H. (2013). Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: facts and fiction. Plant and Soil, 362, 319–334. doi:10.1007/s11104-012-1287-3
  2. Reeves, R. D., Baker, A. J. M., Jaffré, T., Erskine, P. D., Echevarria, G., & van der Ent, A. (2018). A global database for plants that hyperaccumulate metal and metalloid trace elements. New Phytologist, 218, 407–411. doi:10.1111/nph.14907
  3. Reeves, R. D., van der Ent, A., & Baker, A. J. M. (2018). Global distribution and ecology of hyperaccumulator plants. In: Agromining: Farming for Metals (van der Ent et al., eds.), Springer, 75–92. doi:10.1007/978-3-319-61899-9_5
  4. Krämer, U. (2010). Metal hyperaccumulation in plants. Annual Review of Plant Biology, 61, 517–534. doi:10.1146/annurev-arplant-042809-112156
  5. Verbruggen, N., Hermans, C., & Schat, H. (2009). Molecular mechanisms of metal hyperaccumulation in plants. New Phytologist, 181, 759–776. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2008.02748.x
  6. Rascio, N., & Navari-Izzo, F. (2011). Heavy metal hyperaccumulating plants: how and why do they do it? And what makes them so interesting?. Plant Science, 180, 169–181. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2010.08.016
  7. Pollard, A. J., Reeves, R. D., & Baker, A. J. M. (2014). Facultative hyperaccumulation of heavy metals and metalloids. Plant Science, 217–218, 8–17. doi:10.1016/j.plantsci.2013.11.011
  8. Ma, L. Q., Komar, K. M., Tu, C., Zhang, W., Cai, Y., & Kennelley, E. D. (2001). A fern that hyperaccumulates arsenic. Nature, 409, 579. doi:10.1038/35054664
  9. Jaffré, T., Brooks, R. R., Lee, J., & Reeves, R. D. (1976). Sebertia acuminata: a hyperaccumulator of nickel from New Caledonia. Science, 193, 579–580. doi:10.1126/science.193.4253.579
  10. van der Ent, A., Callahan, D. L., Noller, B. N., Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, J., Przybyłowicz, W. J., Barnabas, A., & Harris, H. H. (2017). Nickel biopathways in tropical nickel hyperaccumulating trees from Sabah (Malaysia). Scientific Reports, 7, 41861. doi:10.1038/srep41861
  11. Chaney, R. L., Angle, J. S., Broadhurst, C. L., Peters, C. A., Tappero, R. V., & Sparks, D. L. (2007). Improved understanding of hyperaccumulation yields commercial phytoextraction and phytomining technologies. Journal of Environmental Quality, 36, 1429–1443. doi:10.2134/jeq2006.0514
  12. Fernando, D. R., Guymer, G., Reeves, R. D., Woodrow, I. E., Baker, A. J. M., & Batianoff, G. N. (2009). Foliar Mn accumulation in eastern Australian herbarium specimens: prospecting for 'new' Mn hyperaccumulators and potential applications in taxonomy. Annals of Botany, 103, 931–939. doi:10.1093/aob/mcp013
  13. Reeves, R. D., Baker, A. J. M., Borhidi, A., & Berazaín, R. (1996). Nickel-accumulating plants from the ancient serpentine soils of Cuba. New Phytologist, 133, 217–224. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.1996.tb01888.x
  14. Fernández-Martínez, R., Rucandio, I., Gómez-Pinilla, I., Borlaf, F., García, F., & Larrea, M. T. (2017). Evaluation of different digestion systems for determination of trace mercury and thallium in plants. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 172, 50–56. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2016.10.005
  15. Reeves, R. D., & Baker, A. J. M. (2000). Metal-accumulating plants. In: Phytoremediation of Toxic Metals: Using Plants to Clean Up the Environment (Raskin & Ensley, eds.), Wiley, 193–229.
  16. White, P. J. (2016). Selenium accumulation by plants. Annals of Botany, 117, 217–235. doi:10.1093/aob/mcv180
  17. Galey, M. L., van der Ent, A., Iqbal, M. C. M., & Rajakaruna, N. (2017). Ultramafic geoecology of South and Southeast Asia. Botanical Studies, 58, 18. doi:10.1186/s40529-017-0167-9
  18. Nkrumah, P. N., Echevarria, G., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2018). Contrasting nickel and zinc hyperaccumulation in subspecies of Dichapetalum gelonioides from Southeast Asia. Scientific Reports, 8, 9659. doi:10.1038/s41598-018-26859-7
  19. Ghafoori, M., Shariati, M., van der Ent, A., & Baker, A. J. M. (2023). Nickel hyperaccumulation, elemental profiles and agromining potential of three species of Odontarrhena from the ultramafics of Western Iran. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 25, 381–392. doi:10.1080/15226514.2022.2086213
  20. Zhang, W., Jiang, P., You, S., Li, W., Lu, J., Chen, M., & Jiang, W. (2026). Mechanisms underlying the accumulation and detoxification of manganese in Celosia argentea Linn. leaves. BMC Plant Biology, 26, 852. doi:10.1186/s12870-026-08664-x
  21. Abubakari, F., Nkrumah, P. N., Fernando, D. R., Erskine, P. D., et al. (2024). Manganese accumulation and foliar distribution in the Australian hyperaccumulators Gossia bidwillii and Gossia acmenoides (preprint). Authorea (preprint, not peer-reviewed). doi:10.22541/au.170664677.77944926/v1
  22. Abubakari, F., Nkrumah, P. N., Fernando, D. R., Brown, G. K., Erskine, P. D., Echevarria, G., & van der Ent, A. (2021). Incidence of hyperaccumulation and tissue-level distribution of manganese, cobalt and zinc in the genus Gossia (Myrtaceae). Metallomics, 13, mfab008. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfab008
  23. Harvey, M., Erskine, P. D., Harris, H. H., Pinto-Irish, K., Howard, D. L., Fabillo, M., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Synchrotron X-ray fluorescence microscopy unveils selenium distribution and a phloem-sink hypothesis in Neptunia amplexicaulis. Plant Physiology, 199, kiaf367. doi:10.1093/plphys/kiaf367
  24. Regini, G., Bettarini, I., Colzi, I., Corti, E., Papini, A., Dainelli, M., Guardigli, G., van der Ent, A., Bazihizina, N., & Gonnelli, C. (2025). Physiological effect of thallium in the facultative hyperaccumulator Silene latifolia. Physiologia Plantarum, 177, e70469. doi:10.1111/ppl.70469
  25. Jakovljević, K., Mišljenović, T., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Echevarria, G., Baker, A. J. M., Brueckner, D., & van der Ent, A. (2023). Thallium hyperaccumulation status of the violets of the Allchar arsenic–thallium deposit (North Macedonia) confirmed through synchrotron µXRF. Metallomics, 15, mfad063. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfad063
  26. Jakovljević, K., Salinitro, M., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Mišljenović, T., Brueckner, D., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Surviving Allchar: arsenic and thallium tolerance and distribution in Viola metallophytes. Annals of Botany, 136, 1515–1524. doi:10.1093/aob/mcaf166
  27. Goudard, L., Blaudez, D., Sirguey, C., Purwadi, I., Invernon, V., Rouhan, G., & van der Ent, A. (2024). Prospecting for rare earth element (hyper)accumulators in the Paris Herbarium using X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy reveals new distributional and taxon discoveries. Annals of Botany, 133, 573–584. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae011
  28. Corzo-Remigio, A., Purwadi, I., Fox, N., Bostock, P. D., Martel, C., van der Ent, A., & Erskine, P. D. (2025). Discovery of new Australasian rare earth element hyperaccumulator ferns from screening herbarium specimens. Plant and Soil (version of record; open-access preprint at Research Square doi:10.21203/rs.3.rs-7669902/v1), 518, 1979–1996. doi:10.1007/s11104-025-08111-0
  29. van der Ent, A., Malaisse, F., Erskine, P. D., Mesjasz-Przybyłowicz, J., Przybyłowicz, W. J., Barnabas, A. D., Sośnicka, M., & Harris, H. H. (2019). Abnormal concentrations of Cu–Co in Haumaniastrum katangense, Haumaniastrum robertii and Aeolanthus biformifolius: contamination or hyperaccumulation?. Metallomics, 11, 586–596. doi:10.1039/c8mt00300a
  30. Greyling, S., & Pillay, L. (2025). Chemical analysis in Berkheya zeyheri: a South African nickel hyperaccumulator. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 27, 2031–2039. doi:10.1080/15226514.2025.2532748
  31. Jaffré, T., Pillon, Y., Thomine, S., & Merlot, S. (2013). The metal hyperaccumulators from New Caledonia can broaden our understanding of nickel accumulation in plants. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 279. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00279
  32. Corzo-Remigio, A., Harris, H. H., Jones, M. W. M., Wang, T., Brueckner, D., Spiers, K. M., Garrevoet, J., & van der Ent, A. (2026). The nature of thallium crystals in Brassica oleracea (kale): a synchrotron multi-technique investigation. Metallomics, 18, mfag010. doi:10.1093/mtomcs/mfag010
  33. Villafort Carvalho, M. T., Amaral, D. C., Guilherme, L. R. G., & Aarts, M. G. M. (2013). Gomphrena claussenii, the first South-American metallophyte species with indicator-like Zn and Cd accumulation and extreme metal tolerance. Frontiers in Plant Science, 4, 180. doi:10.3389/fpls.2013.00180
  34. Villafort Carvalho, M. T., Pongrac, P., Mumm, R., van Arkel, J., van Aelst, A., Jeromel, L., Vavpetič, P., Pelicon, P., et al. (2015). Gomphrena claussenii, a novel metal-hypertolerant bioindicator species, sequesters cadmium, but not zinc, in vacuolar oxalate crystals. New Phytologist, 208, 763–775. doi:10.1111/nph.13500
  35. Yuan, L., Zhu, Y., Lin, Z.-Q., Bañuelos, G., Li, W., & Yin, X. (2013). A novel selenocystine-accumulating plant in selenium-mine drainage area in Enshi, China. PLoS ONE, 8, e65615. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0065615
  36. Oleńska, E., Małek, W., Wójcik, M., Szopa, S., Święcicka, I., Aleksandrowicz, O., Włostowski, T., Zawadzka, W., et al. (2023). Bacteria associated with Zn-hyperaccumulators Arabidopsis halleri and Arabidopsis arenosa from Zn–Pb–Cd waste heaps. Scientific Reports, 13, 12606. doi:10.1038/s41598-023-39852-6
  37. Gieroń, Ż., Sitko, K., Zieleźnik-Rusinowska, P., Szopiński, M., Rojek-Jelonek, M., Rostański, A., Rudnicka, M., & Małkowski, E. (2021). The different faces of Arabidopsis arenosa — a plant species for a special purpose. Plants, 10, 1342. doi:10.3390/plants10071342
  38. Norouzi, R., Baghizadeh, A., Abbaspour, H., Nematpour, F. S., & Safipour Afshar, A. (2026). Associations between cadmium uptake and leaf–root expression of candidate YSL/HMA transporters in Solanum nigrum. Scientific Reports, 16, 10062. doi:10.1038/s41598-026-41163-5
  39. Morgenstern, T., Baumgärtel, C., Lautenschläger, T., Götzke, L., Neinhuis, C., & Weigand, J. J. (2026). Screening for potential metal hyperaccumulator plants in Angola: a herbarium-based approach. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 198, 899. doi:10.1007/s10661-026-15744-w
  40. Nkrumah, P. N., Echevarria, G., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2018). Nickel hyperaccumulation in Antidesma montis-silam: from herbarium discovery to collection in the native habitat. Ecological Research, 33, 675-685. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1542-4
  41. Harvey, M.-A., Pinto Irish, K., Harris, H. H., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2024). The curious case of selenium hyperaccumulation in Coelospermum decipiens from the Cape York Peninsula (Queensland, Australia). Annals of Botany, 134, 769-786. doi:10.1093/aob/mcae103
  42. Sura-de Jong, M., Reynolds, R. J. B., Richterova, K., Musilova, L., Staicu, L. C., Chocholata, I., Cappa, J. J., Taghavi, S., van der Lelie, D., Frantik, T., Dolinova, I., Strejcek, M., Cochran, A. T., Lovecka, P., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. (2015). Selenium hyperaccumulators harbor a diverse endophytic bacterial community characterized by high selenium resistance and plant growth promoting properties. Frontiers in Plant Science, 6, 113. doi:10.3389/fpls.2015.00113
  43. van der Ent, A., Salinitro, M., Brueckner, D., Spiers, K. M., Montanari, S., Tassoni, A., & Schiavon, M. (2023). Differences and similarities in selenium biopathways in Astragalus, Neptunia (Fabaceae) and Stanleya (Brassicaceae) hyperaccumulators. Annals of Botany, 132, 349-361. doi:10.1093/aob/mcad110
  44. Fernando, E. S., Quimado, M. O., & Doronila, A. I. (2014). Rinorea niccolifera (Violaceae), a new, nickel-hyperaccumulating species from Luzon Island, Philippines. PhytoKeys, 37, 1-13. doi:10.3897/phytokeys.37.7136
  45. Bouman, R., van Welzen, P., Sumail, S., Echevarria, G., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2018). Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi: a new nickel hyperaccumulator from Sabah (Borneo Island) with potential for tropical agromining. Botanical Studies, 59, 9. doi:10.1186/s40529-018-0225-y
  46. Jakovljević, K., Bačeva Andonovska, K., Salinitro, M., Mišljenović, T., & van der Ent, A. (2025). Biogeochemical survey of the Allchar (North Macedonia) arsenic-thallium ore body: a focus on hyperaccumulator plants. Plant and Soil, 513, 1317-1331. doi:10.1007/s11104-025-07252-6
  47. Liu, W.-S., Laird, J. S., Ryan, C. G., Tang, Y.-T., Qiu, R.-L., Echevarria, G., Morel, J.-L., & van der Ent, A. (2021). Rare earth elements, aluminium and silicon distribution in the fern Dicranopteris linearis revealed by µPIXE Maia analysis. Annals of Botany, 128, 17-30. doi:10.1093/aob/mcab026
  48. Bettarini, I., Bianchi, E., Colzi, I., Coppi, A., Echevarria, G., Gonnelli, C., & Selvi, F. (2024). A new species of Odontarrhena (Brassicaceae) endemic to Greek ultramafics: From taxonomy to metal accumulation behavior. Ecological Research, 39, 12491. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12491
  49. Disinger, H. P., Navarrete Gutiérrez, D. M., Díaz Reyes, A. M., Rodas Duarte, R., Quezada, M. L., van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Echevarria, G., & Pollard, A. J. M. (2024). Herbarium and field studies of nickel hyperaccumulator plants from ultramafic soils in Guatemala. Ecological Research, 39, 838–851. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12495
  50. LaCoste, C., Robinson, B., Brooks, R., Anderson, C., Chiarucci, A., & Leblanc, M. (1999). The phytoremediation potential of thallium-contaminated soils using Iberis and Biscutella species. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 1, 327-338. doi:10.1080/15226519908500023
  51. Anderson, C. W. N., Brooks, R. R., Chiarucci, A., LaCoste, C. J., Leblanc, M., Robinson, B. H., Simcock, R., & Stewart, R. B. (1999). Phytomining for nickel, thallium and gold. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 67, 407-415. doi:10.1016/S0375-6742(99)00055-2
  52. Francesconi, K., Visoothiviseth, P., Sridokchan, W., & Goessler, W. (2002). Arsenic species in an arsenic hyperaccumulating fern, Pityrogramma calomelanos: a potential phytoremediator of arsenic-contaminated soils. Science of the Total Environment, 284, 27-35. doi:10.1016/S0048-9697(01)00854-3
  53. Auguy, F., Fahr, M., Moulin, P., Brugel, A., Laplaze, L., El Mzibri, M., Filali-Maltouf, A., Doumas, P., & Smouni, A. (2013). Lead tolerance and accumulation in Hirschfeldia incana, a Mediterranean Brassicaceae from metalliferous mine spoils. PLoS ONE, 8, e61932. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0061932
  54. Sahi, S. V., Bryant, N. L., Sharma, N. C., & Singh, S. R. (2002). Characterization of a lead hyperaccumulator shrub, Sesbania drummondii. Environmental Science & Technology, 36, 4676-4680. doi:10.1021/es020675x
  55. Bech, J., Roca, N., Tume, P., Torrents, J., & Duran, P. (2012). Shoot accumulation of several trace elements in native plant species from contaminated soils in the Peruvian Andes. Journal of Geochemical Exploration, 113, 106-111. doi:10.1016/j.gexplo.2011.04.007
  56. El Mehdawi, A. F., Reynolds, R. J. B., Prins, C. N., Lindblom, S. D., Cappa, J. J., Fakra, S. C., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. (2014). Analysis of selenium accumulation, speciation and tolerance of potential selenium hyperaccumulator Symphyotrichum ericoides. Physiologia Plantarum, 152, 70–83. doi:10.1111/ppl.12149
  57. Jakovljević, K., Mišljenović, T., van der Ent, A., Baker, A. J. M., Invernón, V. R., & Echevarría, G. (2024). "Mining" the herbarium for hyperaccumulators: Discoveries of nickel and zinc (hyper)accumulation in the genus Noccaea (Brassicaceae) through X-ray fluorescence herbarium scanning. Ecological Research, 39, 450–459. doi:10.1111/1440-1703.12448
  58. Siebert, S. J., Schutte, N. C., Bester, S. P., Komape, D. M., & Rajakaruna, N. (2018). Senecio conrathii N.E.Br. (Asteraceae), a new hyperaccumulator of nickel from serpentinite outcrops of the Barberton Greenstone Belt, South Africa. Ecological Research, 33, 651–658. doi:10.1007/s11284-017-1541-5
  59. Tang, R. H., Nkrumah, P. N., Erskine, P. D., & van der Ent, A. (2022). Polymetallic (zinc and cadmium) hyperaccumulation in the Australian legume Crotalaria novae-hollandiae compared to Crotalaria cunninghamii. Plant and Soil, 479, 589–606. doi:10.1007/s11104-022-05547-6
  60. Yuan, M., Liu, C., Liu, W.-S., Guo, M.-N., Morel, J. L., Huot, H., Yu, H.-J., Tang, Y.-T., & Qiu, R.-L. (2018). Accumulation and fractionation of rare earth elements (REEs) in the naturally grown Phytolacca americana L. in southern China. International Journal of Phytoremediation, 20, 415–423. doi:10.1080/15226514.2017.1365336
  61. Peng, K., Luo, C., You, W., Lian, C., Li, X., & Shen, Z. (2008). Manganese uptake and interactions with cadmium in the hyperaccumulator — Phytolacca americana L.. Journal of Hazardous Materials, 154, 674–681. doi:10.1016/j.jhazmat.2007.10.080
  62. Galeas, M. L., Zhang, L. H., Freeman, J. L., Wegner, M., & Pilon-Smits, E. A. H. (2007). Seasonal fluctuations of selenium and sulfur accumulation in selenium hyper-accumulators and related non-accumulators. New Phytologist, 173, 517–525. doi:10.1111/j.1469-8137.2006.01943.x
  63. Knight, S. H., & Beath, O. A. (1937). The occurrence of selenium and seleniferous vegetation in Wyoming. University of Wyoming Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin, 221, 1–64.