{ "dataset": "hyperaccumulate.com species database", "license": "CC BY 4.0", "generated": "2026-07-22", "thresholds_ugg": { "Ni": 1000, "Zn": 3000, "Cd": 100, "Co": 300, "Mn": 10000, "REE": 1000, "Cu": 300, "As": 1000, "Se": 100, "Tl": 100, "Pb": 1000 }, "count": 78, "species": [ { "id": "actephila-alanbakeri", "binomial": "Actephila alanbakeri", "genus": "Actephila", "species": "alanbakeri", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phyllanthaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 11520, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 11.5, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Kinabalu Park", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "aeolanthus-biformifolius", "binomial": "Aeolanthus biformifolius", "genus": "Aeolanthus", "species": "biformifolius", "authorship": "De Wild.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Aeollanthus biformifolius" ], "family": "Lamiaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "DR Congo (Katanga/Copperbelt)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Cu", "maxConcentration_ugg": 10000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 33.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils", "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2019, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "vanderent-2019-cuco", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "anisopappus-davyi", "binomial": "Anisopappus davyi", "genus": "Anisopappus", "species": "davyi", "authorship": "S.Moore", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Asteraceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "DR Congo", "Zambia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Co", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1500, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 5, "uptake": "Facultative" }, { "element": "Cu", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 4, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils", "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1985, "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "arabidopsis-halleri", "binomial": "Arabidopsis halleri", "genus": "Arabidopsis", "species": "halleri", "authorship": "(L.) O'Kane & Al-Shehbaz", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Cardaminopsis halleri" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Central Europe", "East Asia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 22000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 7.3, "uptake": "Obligate" }, { "element": "Cd", "maxConcentration_ugg": 800, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 8, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Calamine (Zn/Pb/Cd)", "habitat": "Metalliferous and normal soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2000, "firstReportedBy": "Küpper et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "verbruggen-2009", "kramer-2010" ] }, { "id": "astragalus-bisulcatus", "binomial": "Astragalus bisulcatus", "genus": "Astragalus", "species": "bisulcatus", "authorship": "(Hook.) A.Gray", "commonName": "two-grooved milkvetch", "synonyms": [], "family": "Fabaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North America (western)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Se", "maxConcentration_ugg": 14900, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 149, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Seleniferous shale soils", "habitat": "Arid rangeland over selenium-rich rock", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1936, "firstReportedBy": "Beath et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "white-2016-selenium", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "astragalus-racemosus", "binomial": "Astragalus racemosus", "genus": "Astragalus", "species": "racemosus", "authorship": "Pursh", "commonName": "creamy poison-vetch", "synonyms": [], "family": "Fabaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North America (Great Plains)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Se", "maxConcentration_ugg": 14000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 140, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Seleniferous soils", "habitat": "Prairie over selenium-rich shale", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1936, "firstReportedBy": "Beath et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "white-2016-selenium", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "berkheya-coddii", "binomial": "Berkheya coddii", "genus": "Berkheya", "species": "coddii", "authorship": "Roessler", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Asteraceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "South Africa (Mpumalanga)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 11600, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 11.6, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1997, "firstReportedBy": "Morrey et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "chaney-2007" ] }, { "id": "berkheya-zeyheri", "binomial": "Berkheya zeyheri", "genus": "Berkheya", "species": "zeyheri", "authorship": "(Sond. & Harv.) Oliv. & Hiern", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Asteraceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "South Africa" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 12860, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 12.9, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2025, "firstReportedBy": "Greyling & Pillay", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "greyling-2025-berkheya", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "biscutella-laevigata", "binomial": "Biscutella laevigata", "genus": "Biscutella", "species": "laevigata", "authorship": "L.", "commonName": "buckler mustard", "synonyms": [], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Europe (Alps and mineralised districts)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Tl", "maxConcentration_ugg": 15200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 152, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Thallium/zinc mineralised soils", "habitat": "Calamine and mine soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1999, "firstReportedBy": "Leblanc et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "blechnopsis-orientalis", "binomial": "Blechnopsis orientalis", "genus": "Blechnopsis", "species": "orientalis", "authorship": "(L.) C.Presl", "commonName": "oriental blechnum", "synonyms": [ "Blechnum orientale" ], "family": "Blechnaceae", "growthForm": "Fern", "regions": [ "China", "Southeast Asia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 4278, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 4.3, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Acidic / ion-adsorption REE soils", "habitat": "Disturbed slopes, tropical Asia", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2024, "firstReportedBy": "Goudard et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "goudard-2024-ree" ] }, { "id": "leptoplax-emarginata", "binomial": "Bornmuellera emarginata", "genus": "Bornmuellera", "species": "emarginata", "authorship": "(Boiss.) Rešetnik", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Leptoplax emarginata" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Greece" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 34000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 34, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine screes and grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1980, "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "bornmuellera-tymphaea", "binomial": "Bornmuellera tymphaea", "genus": "Bornmuellera", "species": "tymphaea", "authorship": "(Hausskn.) Hausskn.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Greece" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 31200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 31.2, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine screes", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1979, "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "brassica-oleracea", "binomial": "Brassica oleracea", "genus": "Brassica", "species": "oleracea", "authorship": "L.", "commonName": "kale (var. acephala)", "synonyms": [], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Cultivated (experimental)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Tl", "maxConcentration_ugg": 6280, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 62.8, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Thallium-contaminated / hydroponic exposure", "habitat": "Cultivated; edible crop", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2026, "firstReportedBy": "Corzo-Remigio et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "corzo-remigio-2026-tl" ] }, { "id": "carya-glabra", "binomial": "Carya glabra", "genus": "Carya", "species": "glabra", "authorship": "(Mill.) Sweet", "commonName": "pignut hickory", "synonyms": [], "family": "Juglandaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "USA (eastern)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 2300, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 2.3, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Ordinary temperate forest soils", "habitat": "Deciduous hardwood forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2024, "firstReportedBy": "Goudard et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "goudard-2024-ree" ] }, { "id": "carya-tomentosa", "binomial": "Carya tomentosa", "genus": "Carya", "species": "tomentosa", "authorship": "(Lam.) Nutt.", "commonName": "mockernut hickory", "synonyms": [], "family": "Juglandaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "USA (eastern)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1350, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.4, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Ordinary temperate forest soils", "habitat": "Deciduous hardwood forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2024, "firstReportedBy": "Goudard et al.", "verification": "hypothesized", "references": [ "goudard-2024-ree" ] }, { "id": "celosia-argentea", "binomial": "Celosia argentea", "genus": "Celosia", "species": "argentea", "authorship": "L.", "commonName": "silver cockscomb", "synonyms": [], "family": "Amaranthaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "China", "pantropical" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 14238, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.4, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Manganese-rich and contaminated soils", "habitat": "Disturbed ground, mine-affected soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2026, "firstReportedBy": "Zhang et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "zhang-2026-celosia" ] }, { "id": "chengiopanax-sciadophylloides", "binomial": "Chengiopanax sciadophylloides", "genus": "Chengiopanax", "species": "sciadophylloides", "authorship": "(Franch. & Sav.) C.B.Shang & J.Y.Huang", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Acanthopanax sciadophylloides" ], "family": "Araliaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Japan" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 20000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 2, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Non-metalliferous", "habitat": "Temperate forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2005, "firstReportedBy": "Mizuno et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "crotalaria-cobalticola", "binomial": "Crotalaria cobalticola", "genus": "Crotalaria", "species": "cobalticola", "authorship": "P.A.Duvign. & Timperman", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Fabaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "DR Congo (Katanga)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Co", "maxConcentration_ugg": 3000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 10, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils", "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1979, "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "denhamia-fournieri", "binomial": "Denhamia fournieri", "genus": "Denhamia", "species": "fournieri", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Maytenus fournieri" ], "family": "Celastraceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "New Caledonia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 10000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis and forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2013, "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "jaffre-2013-nc", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "dichapetalum-gelonioides-ni", "binomial": "Dichapetalum gelonioides", "genus": "Dichapetalum", "species": "gelonioides", "authorship": "(Roxb.) Engl.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Dichapetalum gelonioides subsp. tuberculatum" ], "family": "Dichapetalaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 30260, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 30.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Mount Silam", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2018, "firstReportedBy": "Nkrumah et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "nkrumah-2018", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "dichapetalum-gelonioides", "binomial": "Dichapetalum gelonioides", "genus": "Dichapetalum", "species": "gelonioides", "authorship": "(Roxb.) Engl.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Dichapetalaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Southeast Asia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 30000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 10, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic and metalliferous", "habitat": "Tropical forest on metal-rich soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Baker et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "dicranopteris-linearis", "binomial": "Dicranopteris linearis", "genus": "Dicranopteris", "species": "linearis", "authorship": "(Burm.f.) Underw.", "commonName": "old world forked fern", "synonyms": [ "Dicranopteris dichotoma" ], "family": "Gleicheniaceae", "growthForm": "Fern", "regions": [ "South China", "Southeast Asia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 3358, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 3.4, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ion-adsorption REE clays and acidic soils", "habitat": "Disturbed slopes and mine tailings", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2018, "firstReportedBy": "Liu et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "flacourtia-kinabaluensis", "binomial": "Flacourtia kinabaluensis", "genus": "Flacourtia", "species": "kinabaluensis", "authorship": "Sleumer", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Salicaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 7280, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 7.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Kinabalu Park", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "geissois-pruinosa", "binomial": "Geissois pruinosa", "genus": "Geissois", "species": "pruinosa", "authorship": "Brongn. & Gris", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Cunoniaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "New Caledonia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 15000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 15, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis and forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "glochidion-mindorense", "binomial": "Glochidion mindorense", "genus": "Glochidion", "species": "mindorense", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phyllanthaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 2280, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 2.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Kinabalu Park", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia" ] }, { "id": "gossia-acmenoides", "binomial": "Gossia acmenoides", "genus": "Gossia", "species": "acmenoides", "authorship": "(F.Muell.) N.Snow & Guymer", "commonName": "scrub ironwood", "synonyms": [ "Austromyrtus acmenoides" ], "family": "Myrtaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Australia (Queensland)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 39000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 3.9, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Various (rainforest, not necessarily metalliferous)", "habitat": "Rainforest and vine scrub", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2024, "firstReportedBy": "Abubakari et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "abubakari-2024-gossia", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "gossia-bidwillii", "binomial": "Gossia bidwillii", "genus": "Gossia", "species": "bidwillii", "authorship": "(Benth.) N.Snow & Guymer", "commonName": "python tree", "synonyms": [ "Austromyrtus bidwillii" ], "family": "Myrtaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Australia (Queensland)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 19200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.9, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Various (not necessarily metalliferous)", "habitat": "Rainforest and vine scrub", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2009, "firstReportedBy": "Fernando et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "fernando-2009-mn", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "gossia-fragrantissima", "binomial": "Gossia fragrantissima", "genus": "Gossia", "species": "fragrantissima", "authorship": "(F.Muell. ex Benth.) N.Snow & Guymer", "commonName": "sweet myrtle", "synonyms": [ "Austromyrtus fragrantissima" ], "family": "Myrtaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Australia (Queensland, New South Wales)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 17400, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.7, "uptake": "Obligate" }, { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 13000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 4.3, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Various (rainforest)", "habitat": "Subtropical rainforest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2021, "firstReportedBy": "Abubakari et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "abubakari-2021-gossia", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "grevillea-exul", "binomial": "Grevillea exul", "genus": "Grevillea", "species": "exul", "authorship": "Lindl.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Proteaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "New Caledonia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 12000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.2, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1997, "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "haumaniastrum-katangense", "binomial": "Haumaniastrum katangense", "genus": "Haumaniastrum", "species": "katangense", "authorship": "(S.Moore) P.A.Duvign. & Plancke", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Lamiaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "DR Congo", "Zambia (Copperbelt)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Cu", "maxConcentration_ugg": 8360, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 27.9, "uptake": "Obligate" }, { "element": "Co", "maxConcentration_ugg": 2200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 7.3, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils", "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "haumaniastrum-robertii", "binomial": "Haumaniastrum robertii", "genus": "Haumaniastrum", "species": "robertii", "authorship": "(Robyns) P.A.Duvign.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Lamiaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "DR Congo", "Zambia (Copperbelt)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Co", "maxConcentration_ugg": 10200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 34, "uptake": "Obligate" }, { "element": "Cu", "maxConcentration_ugg": 2800, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 9.3, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Cu–Co mineralised soils", "habitat": "Copperbelt metalliferous grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Brooks et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "hybanthus-floribundus", "binomial": "Hybanthus floribundus", "genus": "Hybanthus", "species": "floribundus", "authorship": "(Lindl.) F.Muell.", "commonName": "shrub violet", "synonyms": [], "family": "Violaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Australia (Western Australia)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 13500, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 13.5, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Nickel-rich lateritic and ultramafic soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1974, "firstReportedBy": "Severne & Brooks", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "iberis-intermedia", "binomial": "Iberis intermedia", "genus": "Iberis", "species": "intermedia", "authorship": "Guers.", "commonName": "candytuft", "synonyms": [], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Southern France" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Tl", "maxConcentration_ugg": 4000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 40, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Thallium/zinc mineralised soils", "habitat": "Mineralised outcrops", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1999, "firstReportedBy": "Leblanc et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "kibara-coriacea", "binomial": "Kibara coriacea", "genus": "Kibara", "species": "coriacea", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Monimiaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 5840, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 5.8, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Kinabalu Park", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia" ] }, { "id": "leucocroton-flavicans", "binomial": "Leucocroton flavicans", "genus": "Leucocroton", "species": "flavicans", "authorship": "Müll.Arg.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Euphorbiaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Cuba" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 26000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 26, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Cuban serpentine (charrascal)", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1996, "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-1996-streptanthus", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "mischocarpus-sundaicus", "binomial": "Mischocarpus sundaicus", "genus": "Mischocarpus", "species": "sundaicus", "authorship": "Blume", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Sapindaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 4425, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 4.4, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Kinabalu Park", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia" ] }, { "id": "neptunia-amplexicaulis", "binomial": "Neptunia amplexicaulis", "genus": "Neptunia", "species": "amplexicaulis", "authorship": "Domin", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Fabaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Australia (Queensland)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Se", "maxConcentration_ugg": 13600, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 136, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Seleniferous clay soils", "habitat": "Seasonally wet seleniferous grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2025, "firstReportedBy": "Harvey et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "harvey-2025-se", "white-2016-selenium" ] }, { "id": "noccaea-caerulescens-ni", "binomial": "Noccaea caerulescens", "genus": "Noccaea", "species": "caerulescens", "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) F.K.Mey.", "commonName": "alpine pennycress", "synonyms": [ "Thlaspi caerulescens" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Western & Central Europe" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 12000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 12, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Metalliferous (serpentine and calamine)", "habitat": "Serpentine and mine soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1988, "firstReportedBy": "Baker & Brooks", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "kramer-2010" ] }, { "id": "noccaea-caerulescens-zn", "binomial": "Noccaea caerulescens", "genus": "Noccaea", "species": "caerulescens", "authorship": "(J.Presl & C.Presl) F.K.Mey.", "commonName": "alpine pennycress", "synonyms": [ "Thlaspi caerulescens" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Western & Central Europe" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 40000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 13.3, "uptake": "Obligate" }, { "element": "Cd", "maxConcentration_ugg": 10000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 100, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Calamine (Zn/Pb/Cd)", "habitat": "Metalliferous grassland and mine spoil", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1988, "firstReportedBy": "Baker & Brooks", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "verbruggen-2009", "kramer-2010", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "noccaea-goesingensis", "binomial": "Noccaea goesingensis", "genus": "Noccaea", "species": "goesingensis", "authorship": "(Halácsy) F.K.Mey.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Thlaspi goesingense" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Austria", "Central Europe" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 12000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 12, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Reeves & Brooks", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "kramer-2010" ] }, { "id": "noccaea-praecox", "binomial": "Noccaea praecox", "genus": "Noccaea", "species": "praecox", "authorship": "(Wulfen) F.K.Mey.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Thlaspi praecox" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Southeastern Europe" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 20000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 6.7, "uptake": "Obligate" }, { "element": "Cd", "maxConcentration_ugg": 5800, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 58, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Calamine (Zn/Pb/Cd)", "habitat": "Mine and smelter soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2006, "firstReportedBy": "Vogel-Mikuš et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "verbruggen-2009", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "noccaea-rotundifolia-pb", "binomial": "Noccaea rotundifolia", "genus": "Noccaea", "species": "rotundifolia", "authorship": "(L.) Moench", "commonName": "round-leaved pennycress", "synonyms": [ "Thlaspi rotundifolium" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "European Alps" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Pb", "maxConcentration_ugg": 8200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 8.2, "uptake": "Facultative" }, { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 8000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 2.7, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Lead/zinc mineralised alpine soils", "habitat": "Mineralised alpine screes", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Reeves & Brooks", "verification": "hypothesized", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "odontarrhena-chalcidica", "binomial": "Odontarrhena chalcidica", "genus": "Odontarrhena", "species": "chalcidica", "authorship": "(Janka) Španiel et al.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Alyssum murale", "Alyssum chalcidicum" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Balkans", "Anatolia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 22000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 22, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine grassland and scrub", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1948, "firstReportedBy": "Doksopulo (as Alyssum)", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "chaney-2007", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "odontarrhena-inflata", "binomial": "Odontarrhena inflata", "genus": "Odontarrhena", "species": "inflata", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Alyssum inflatum" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Iran (western ultramafics)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 2720, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 2.7, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine slopes, western Iran", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2023, "firstReportedBy": "Ghafoori et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "ghafoori-2023", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "alyssum-lesbiacum", "binomial": "Odontarrhena lesbiaca", "genus": "Odontarrhena", "species": "lesbiaca", "authorship": "(Candargy) Rešetnik", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Alyssum lesbiacum" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Greece (Lesbos)", "Anatolia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 20000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 20, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine slopes", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1994, "firstReportedBy": "Krämer et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "kramer-2010", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "odontarrhena-penjwinensis", "binomial": "Odontarrhena penjwinensis", "genus": "Odontarrhena", "species": "penjwinensis", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Iran (western ultramafics)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 3270, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 3.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine slopes, western Iran", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2023, "firstReportedBy": "Ghafoori et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "ghafoori-2023", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "odontarrhena-serpyllifolia", "binomial": "Odontarrhena serpyllifolia", "genus": "Odontarrhena", "species": "serpyllifolia", "authorship": "(Desf.) Jord. & Fourr.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Alyssum serpyllifolium" ], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Iberian Peninsula", "France" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 15000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 15, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine outcrops", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Brooks & Radford", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "phyllanthus-balgooyi", "binomial": "Phyllanthus balgooyi", "genus": "Phyllanthus", "species": "balgooyi", "authorship": "Petra Hoffm. & A.J.M.Baker", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phyllanthaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Borneo (Sabah)", "Philippines (Palawan)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 16000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 16, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2007, "firstReportedBy": "Hoffmann, Baker & van der Ent", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "van-der-ent-2017-biopath", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "phyllanthus-rufuschaneyi", "binomial": "Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi", "genus": "Phyllanthus", "species": "rufuschaneyi", "authorship": "Whitmore & van der Ent", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phyllanthaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Borneo (Sabah)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 13000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 13, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest edge", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2018, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "phyllanthus-securinegioides", "binomial": "Phyllanthus securinegioides", "genus": "Phyllanthus", "species": "securinegioides", "authorship": "Merr.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phyllanthaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 23300, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 23.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Mt Kinabalu area", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "phytolacca-acinosa-mn", "binomial": "Phytolacca acinosa", "genus": "Phytolacca", "species": "acinosa", "authorship": "Roxb.", "commonName": "Indian pokeweed", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phytolaccaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "East Asia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 19300, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.9, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Manganese-rich and mine soils", "habitat": "Disturbed ground and mine areas", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2004, "firstReportedBy": "Xue et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "phytolacca-americana-cd", "binomial": "Phytolacca americana", "genus": "Phytolacca", "species": "americana", "authorship": "L.", "commonName": "American pokeweed", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phytolaccaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North America", "naturalised in East Asia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Cd", "maxConcentration_ugg": 130, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.3, "uptake": "Facultative" }, { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 13400, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.3, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Contaminated and manganese-rich soils", "habitat": "Disturbed ground", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2008, "firstReportedBy": "Peng et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "phytolacca-americana-ree", "binomial": "Phytolacca americana", "genus": "Phytolacca", "species": "americana", "authorship": "L.", "commonName": "American pokeweed", "synonyms": [], "family": "Phytolaccaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North America", "naturalised in China" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1040, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "REE-rich mine soils", "habitat": "Disturbed ground near REE workings", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2019, "firstReportedBy": "Yuan et al.", "verification": "hypothesized", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "pityrogramma-calomelanos", "binomial": "Pityrogramma calomelanos", "genus": "Pityrogramma", "species": "calomelanos", "authorship": "(L.) Link", "commonName": "silverback fern", "synonyms": [], "family": "Pteridaceae", "growthForm": "Fern", "regions": [ "Tropical America", "pantropical (naturalised)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "As", "maxConcentration_ugg": 8350, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 8.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Arsenic-contaminated mine soils", "habitat": "Mine tailings and disturbed ground", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2002, "firstReportedBy": "Francesconi et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "pronephrium-simplex", "binomial": "Pronephrium simplex", "genus": "Pronephrium", "species": "simplex", "authorship": "(Hook.) Holttum", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Thelypteridaceae", "growthForm": "Fern", "regions": [ "South China" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1500, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.5, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Ion-adsorption REE clays", "habitat": "Slopes over REE deposits", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2018, "firstReportedBy": "Liu et al.", "verification": "hypothesized", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "psychotria-douarrei", "binomial": "Psychotria douarrei", "genus": "Psychotria", "species": "douarrei", "authorship": "(Beauvis.) Däniker", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Psychotria gabriellae" ], "family": "Rubiaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "New Caledonia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 47500, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 47.5, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis and rainforest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1978, "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré & Schmid", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "psychotria-sarmentosa", "binomial": "Psychotria sarmentosa", "genus": "Psychotria", "species": "sarmentosa", "authorship": "Blume", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Rubiaceae", "growthForm": "Shrub", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)", "Philippines" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 24200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 24.2, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest; scrambling/climbing habit", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "pteris-vittata", "binomial": "Pteris vittata", "genus": "Pteris", "species": "vittata", "authorship": "L.", "commonName": "Chinese brake fern", "synonyms": [], "family": "Pteridaceae", "growthForm": "Fern", "regions": [ "Pantropical and subtropical" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "As", "maxConcentration_ugg": 22630, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 22.6, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Arsenic-contaminated and calcareous soils", "habitat": "Walls, disturbed and contaminated ground", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2001, "firstReportedBy": "Ma et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "ma-2001", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "pycnandra-acuminata", "binomial": "Pycnandra acuminata", "genus": "Pycnandra", "species": "acuminata", "authorship": "(Baill.) Swenson & Munzinger", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Sebertia acuminata" ], "family": "Sapotaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "New Caledonia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 11700, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 11.7, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic rainforest", "iucn": "EN", "firstReportedYear": 1976, "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré et al.", "verification": "primary-measured", "references": [ "jaffre-1976", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "rinorea-bengalensis", "binomial": "Rinorea bengalensis", "genus": "Rinorea", "species": "bengalensis", "authorship": "(Wall.) Kuntze", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Violaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Southeast Asia", "Melanesia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 17500, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 17.5, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Lowland tropical forest on ultramafic soil", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1977, "firstReportedBy": "Brooks & Wither", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "rinorea-niccolifera", "binomial": "Rinorea niccolifera", "genus": "Rinorea", "species": "niccolifera", "authorship": "Fernando", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Violaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Philippines (Luzon)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 18000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 18, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2014, "firstReportedBy": "Fernando et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "sarcotheca-celebica", "binomial": "Sarcotheca celebica", "genus": "Sarcotheca", "species": "celebica", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Oxalidaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Indonesia (Sulawesi)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1039, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest, Sulawesi", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia" ] }, { "id": "sedum-alfredii", "binomial": "Sedum alfredii", "genus": "Sedum", "species": "alfredii", "authorship": "Hance", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Crassulaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "China (southeastern)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Cd", "maxConcentration_ugg": 900, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 9, "uptake": "Facultative" }, { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 19600, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 6.5, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Contaminated (Zn/Pb mining areas)", "habitat": "Old mine sites", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2002, "firstReportedBy": "Yang et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "sedum-plumbizincicola", "binomial": "Sedum plumbizincicola", "genus": "Sedum", "species": "plumbizincicola", "authorship": "X.H.Guo & S.B.Zhou", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Crassulaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "China (eastern)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Zn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 19000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 6.3, "uptake": "Obligate" }, { "element": "Cd", "maxConcentration_ugg": 3600, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 36, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Contaminated (Zn/Pb/Cd mining areas)", "habitat": "Mine-affected soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2013, "firstReportedBy": "Wu et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "senecio-coronatus", "binomial": "Senecio coronatus", "genus": "Senecio", "species": "coronatus", "authorship": "(Thunb.) Harv.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Asteraceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "South Africa" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 5700, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 5.7, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine and non-serpentine grassland", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2010, "firstReportedBy": "Boyd et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "pollard-2014" ] }, { "id": "silene-latifolia", "binomial": "Silene latifolia", "genus": "Silene", "species": "latifolia", "authorship": "Poir.", "commonName": "white campion", "synonyms": [ "Silene alba", "Melandrium album" ], "family": "Caryophyllaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Italy", "North Macedonia (Allchar)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Tl", "maxConcentration_ugg": 80000, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 800, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Tl/Zn/Pb mineralised (metallicolous) soils", "habitat": "Mine and mineralised sites", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2025, "firstReportedBy": "Regini et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "regini-2025-silene", "jakovljevic-2025-viola" ] }, { "id": "solanum-nigrum-cd", "binomial": "Solanum nigrum", "genus": "Solanum", "species": "nigrum", "authorship": "L.", "commonName": "black nightshade", "synonyms": [], "family": "Solanaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Cosmopolitan (temperate & tropical)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Cd", "maxConcentration_ugg": 160, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.6, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Contaminated agricultural soil", "habitat": "Disturbed and cultivated ground", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2005, "firstReportedBy": "Wei et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "pollard-2014" ] }, { "id": "stackhousia-tryonii", "binomial": "Stackhousia tryonii", "genus": "Stackhousia", "species": "tryonii", "authorship": "Bailey", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Celastraceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "Australia (Queensland)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 41300, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 41.3, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Serpentine soils", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1997, "firstReportedBy": "Batianoff et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "stanleya-pinnata", "binomial": "Stanleya pinnata", "genus": "Stanleya", "species": "pinnata", "authorship": "(Pursh) Britton", "commonName": "prince's plume", "synonyms": [], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North America (western)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Se", "maxConcentration_ugg": 3500, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 35, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Seleniferous soils", "habitat": "Desert and rangeland over selenium-rich rock", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2008, "firstReportedBy": "Freeman et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "white-2016-selenium", "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "sticheropsis-milnei", "binomial": "Sticheropsis milnei", "genus": "Sticheropsis", "species": "milnei", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Gleicheniaceae", "growthForm": "Fern", "regions": [ "Australasia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1290, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.3, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Acidic soils", "habitat": "Heath and forest margins", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2025, "firstReportedBy": "Remigio et al.", "verification": "hypothesized", "references": [ "remigio-2025-ree" ] }, { "id": "sticherus-flabellatus", "binomial": "Sticherus flabellatus", "genus": "Sticherus", "species": "flabellatus", "authorship": "(R.Br.) H.St.John", "commonName": "shiny fan-fern", "synonyms": [], "family": "Gleicheniaceae", "growthForm": "Fern", "regions": [ "Australia (eastern)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "REE", "maxConcentration_ugg": 1130, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 1.1, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "Acidic soils", "habitat": "Heath, gullies and forest margins", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2025, "firstReportedBy": "Remigio et al.", "verification": "hypothesized", "references": [ "remigio-2025-ree" ] }, { "id": "streptanthus-polygaloides", "binomial": "Streptanthus polygaloides", "genus": "Streptanthus", "species": "polygaloides", "authorship": "A.Gray", "commonName": "milkwort jewelflower", "synonyms": [], "family": "Brassicaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "USA (California)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 14800, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 14.8, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Californian serpentine", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1981, "firstReportedBy": "Reeves et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db" ] }, { "id": "viola-allchariensis", "binomial": "Viola allchariensis", "genus": "Viola", "species": "allchariensis", "authorship": "G.Beck", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Violaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North Macedonia (Allchar)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Tl", "maxConcentration_ugg": 7060, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 70.6, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "As/Tl mineralised soils", "habitat": "Allchar Sb–As–Tl deposit", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2023, "firstReportedBy": "Jakovljević et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "jakovljevic-2023-viola" ] }, { "id": "viola-arsenica", "binomial": "Viola arsenica", "genus": "Viola", "species": "arsenica", "authorship": "Beck", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Violaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North Macedonia (Allchar)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Tl", "maxConcentration_ugg": 23900, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 239, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "As/Tl mineralised soils", "habitat": "Allchar Sb–As–Tl deposit", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2023, "firstReportedBy": "Jakovljević et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "jakovljevic-2023-viola", "jakovljevic-2025-viola" ] }, { "id": "viola-tricolor-macedonica", "binomial": "Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica", "genus": "Viola", "species": "tricolor subsp. macedonica", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Violaceae", "growthForm": "Herb", "regions": [ "North Macedonia (Allchar)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Tl", "maxConcentration_ugg": 4650, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 46.5, "uptake": "Facultative" } ], "substrate": "As/Tl mineralised soils", "habitat": "Allchar Sb–As–Tl deposit", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2023, "firstReportedBy": "Jakovljević et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "jakovljevic-2023-viola" ] }, { "id": "virotia-neurophylla", "binomial": "Virotia neurophylla", "genus": "Virotia", "species": "neurophylla", "authorship": "(Guillaumin) Virot", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [ "Macadamia neurophylla" ], "family": "Proteaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "New Caledonia" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Mn", "maxConcentration_ugg": 55200, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 5.5, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic maquis and forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 1997, "firstReportedBy": "Jaffré", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "reeves-2018-db", "van-der-ent-2013" ] }, { "id": "walsura-pinnata", "binomial": "Walsura pinnata", "genus": "Walsura", "species": "pinnata", "authorship": "Hassk.", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Meliaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 4580, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 4.6, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia" ] }, { "id": "xylosma-luzoniensis", "binomial": "Xylosma luzoniensis", "genus": "Xylosma", "species": "luzoniensis", "authorship": "", "commonName": "", "synonyms": [], "family": "Salicaceae", "growthForm": "Tree", "regions": [ "Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo)", "Philippines (Luzon)" ], "accumulates": [ { "element": "Ni", "maxConcentration_ugg": 5360, "unit": "µg g⁻¹ DW", "thresholdMultiple": 5.4, "uptake": "Obligate" } ], "substrate": "Ultramafic (serpentine)", "habitat": "Ultramafic forest", "iucn": "NE", "firstReportedYear": 2015, "firstReportedBy": "van der Ent et al.", "verification": "review-cited", "references": [ "galey-2017-asia" ] } ] }