# hyperaccumulate

> A global, vendor-neutral, cited database of metal hyperaccumulator plants, organized element by element with traceable citations, plus news and analysis.

The dataset is released under CC BY 4.0 with attribution to the cited primary sources. Machine-readable exports: https://hyperaccumulate.com/data/species.json and https://hyperaccumulate.com/data/species.csv

## Metals

- [Nickel (Ni)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/nickel/): Primary group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹, 34 species recorded.
- [Zinc (Zn)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/zinc/): Primary group, threshold 3000 µg g⁻¹, 8 species recorded.
- [Cadmium (Cd)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/cadmium/): Primary group, threshold 100 µg g⁻¹, 7 species recorded.
- [Cobalt (Co)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/cobalt/): Primary group, threshold 300 µg g⁻¹, 4 species recorded.
- [Manganese (Mn)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/manganese/): Primary group, threshold 10000 µg g⁻¹, 10 species recorded.
- [Rare Earth Elements (REE)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/rare-earth-elements/): Primary group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹ ΣREE, 8 species recorded.
- [Copper (Cu)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/copper/): Tracked group, threshold 300 µg g⁻¹, 4 species recorded.
- [Arsenic (As)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/arsenic/): Tracked group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹, 2 species recorded.
- [Selenium (Se)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/selenium/): Tracked group, threshold 100 µg g⁻¹, 4 species recorded.
- [Thallium (Tl)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/thallium/): Tracked group, threshold 100 µg g⁻¹, 7 species recorded.
- [Lead (Pb)](https://hyperaccumulate.com/metals/lead/): Tracked group, threshold 1000 µg g⁻¹, 1 species recorded.

## Species

- [Actephila alanbakeri](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/actephila-alanbakeri/): Phyllanthaceae; Ni 11520 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: review-cited.
- [Aeolanthus biformifolius](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/aeolanthus-biformifolius/): Lamiaceae; Cu 10000 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo (Katanga/Copperbelt); verification: review-cited.
- [Anisopappus davyi](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/anisopappus-davyi/): Asteraceae; Co 1500 µg g⁻¹, Cu 1200 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo, Zambia; verification: review-cited.
- [Arabidopsis halleri](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/arabidopsis-halleri/): Brassicaceae; Zn 22000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 800 µg g⁻¹; Central Europe, East Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Astragalus bisulcatus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/astragalus-bisulcatus/): Fabaceae; Se 14900 µg g⁻¹; North America (western); verification: review-cited.
- [Astragalus racemosus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/astragalus-racemosus/): Fabaceae; Se 14000 µg g⁻¹; North America (Great Plains); verification: review-cited.
- [Berkheya coddii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/berkheya-coddii/): Asteraceae; Ni 11600 µg g⁻¹; South Africa (Mpumalanga); verification: review-cited.
- [Berkheya zeyheri](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/berkheya-zeyheri/): Asteraceae; Ni 12860 µg g⁻¹; South Africa; verification: primary-measured.
- [Biscutella laevigata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/biscutella-laevigata/): Brassicaceae; Tl 15200 µg g⁻¹; Europe (Alps and mineralised districts); verification: review-cited.
- [Blechnopsis orientalis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/blechnopsis-orientalis/): Blechnaceae; REE 4278 µg g⁻¹; China, Southeast Asia; verification: primary-measured.
- [Bornmuellera emarginata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/leptoplax-emarginata/): Brassicaceae; Ni 34000 µg g⁻¹; Greece; verification: review-cited.
- [Bornmuellera tymphaea](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/bornmuellera-tymphaea/): Brassicaceae; Ni 31200 µg g⁻¹; Greece; verification: review-cited.
- [Brassica oleracea](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/brassica-oleracea/): Brassicaceae; Tl 6280 µg g⁻¹; Cultivated (experimental); verification: primary-measured.
- [Carya glabra](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/carya-glabra/): Juglandaceae; REE 2300 µg g⁻¹; USA (eastern); verification: review-cited.
- [Carya tomentosa](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/carya-tomentosa/): Juglandaceae; REE 1350 µg g⁻¹; USA (eastern); verification: hypothesized.
- [Celosia argentea](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/celosia-argentea/): Amaranthaceae; Mn 14238 µg g⁻¹; China, pantropical; verification: primary-measured.
- [Chengiopanax sciadophylloides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/chengiopanax-sciadophylloides/): Araliaceae; Mn 20000 µg g⁻¹; Japan; verification: review-cited.
- [Crotalaria cobalticola](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/crotalaria-cobalticola/): Fabaceae; Co 3000 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo (Katanga); verification: review-cited.
- [Denhamia fournieri](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/denhamia-fournieri/): Celastraceae; Mn 10000 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Dichapetalum gelonioides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/dichapetalum-gelonioides-ni/): Dichapetalaceae; Ni 30260 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: primary-measured.
- [Dichapetalum gelonioides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/dichapetalum-gelonioides/): Dichapetalaceae; Zn 30000 µg g⁻¹; Southeast Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Dicranopteris linearis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/dicranopteris-linearis/): Gleicheniaceae; REE 3358 µg g⁻¹; South China, Southeast Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Flacourtia kinabaluensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/flacourtia-kinabaluensis/): Salicaceae; Ni 7280 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: review-cited.
- [Geissois pruinosa](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/geissois-pruinosa/): Cunoniaceae; Ni 15000 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Glochidion mindorense](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/glochidion-mindorense/): Phyllanthaceae; Ni 2280 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: review-cited.
- [Gossia acmenoides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/gossia-acmenoides/): Myrtaceae; Mn 39000 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Queensland); verification: primary-measured.
- [Gossia bidwillii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/gossia-bidwillii/): Myrtaceae; Mn 19200 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Queensland); verification: primary-measured.
- [Gossia fragrantissima](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/gossia-fragrantissima/): Myrtaceae; Mn 17400 µg g⁻¹, Zn 13000 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Queensland, New South Wales); verification: primary-measured.
- [Grevillea exul](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/grevillea-exul/): Proteaceae; Mn 12000 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Haumaniastrum katangense](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/haumaniastrum-katangense/): Lamiaceae; Cu 8360 µg g⁻¹, Co 2200 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo, Zambia (Copperbelt); verification: review-cited.
- [Haumaniastrum robertii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/haumaniastrum-robertii/): Lamiaceae; Co 10200 µg g⁻¹, Cu 2800 µg g⁻¹; DR Congo, Zambia (Copperbelt); verification: review-cited.
- [Hybanthus floribundus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/hybanthus-floribundus/): Violaceae; Ni 13500 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Western Australia); verification: review-cited.
- [Iberis intermedia](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/iberis-intermedia/): Brassicaceae; Tl 4000 µg g⁻¹; Southern France; verification: review-cited.
- [Kibara coriacea](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/kibara-coriacea/): Monimiaceae; Ni 5840 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: review-cited.
- [Leucocroton flavicans](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/leucocroton-flavicans/): Euphorbiaceae; Ni 26000 µg g⁻¹; Cuba; verification: review-cited.
- [Mischocarpus sundaicus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/mischocarpus-sundaicus/): Sapindaceae; Ni 4425 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: review-cited.
- [Neptunia amplexicaulis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/neptunia-amplexicaulis/): Fabaceae; Se 13600 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Queensland); verification: primary-measured.
- [Noccaea caerulescens](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-caerulescens-ni/): Brassicaceae; Ni 12000 µg g⁻¹; Western & Central Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea caerulescens](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-caerulescens-zn/): Brassicaceae; Zn 40000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 10000 µg g⁻¹; Western & Central Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea goesingensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-goesingensis/): Brassicaceae; Ni 12000 µg g⁻¹; Austria, Central Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea praecox](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-praecox/): Brassicaceae; Zn 20000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 5800 µg g⁻¹; Southeastern Europe; verification: review-cited.
- [Noccaea rotundifolia](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/noccaea-rotundifolia-pb/): Brassicaceae; Pb 8200 µg g⁻¹, Zn 8000 µg g⁻¹; European Alps; verification: hypothesized.
- [Odontarrhena chalcidica](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/odontarrhena-chalcidica/): Brassicaceae; Ni 22000 µg g⁻¹; Balkans, Anatolia; verification: review-cited.
- [Odontarrhena inflata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/odontarrhena-inflata/): Brassicaceae; Ni 2720 µg g⁻¹; Iran (western ultramafics); verification: primary-measured.
- [Odontarrhena lesbiaca](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/alyssum-lesbiacum/): Brassicaceae; Ni 20000 µg g⁻¹; Greece (Lesbos), Anatolia; verification: review-cited.
- [Odontarrhena penjwinensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/odontarrhena-penjwinensis/): Brassicaceae; Ni 3270 µg g⁻¹; Iran (western ultramafics); verification: primary-measured.
- [Odontarrhena serpyllifolia](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/odontarrhena-serpyllifolia/): Brassicaceae; Ni 15000 µg g⁻¹; Iberian Peninsula, France; verification: review-cited.
- [Phyllanthus balgooyi](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phyllanthus-balgooyi/): Phyllanthaceae; Ni 16000 µg g⁻¹; Borneo (Sabah), Philippines (Palawan); verification: primary-measured.
- [Phyllanthus rufuschaneyi](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phyllanthus-rufuschaneyi/): Phyllanthaceae; Ni 13000 µg g⁻¹; Borneo (Sabah); verification: review-cited.
- [Phyllanthus securinegioides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phyllanthus-securinegioides/): Phyllanthaceae; Ni 23300 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: review-cited.
- [Phytolacca acinosa](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phytolacca-acinosa-mn/): Phytolaccaceae; Mn 19300 µg g⁻¹; East Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Phytolacca americana](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phytolacca-americana-cd/): Phytolaccaceae; Cd 130 µg g⁻¹, Mn 13400 µg g⁻¹; North America, naturalised in East Asia; verification: review-cited.
- [Phytolacca americana](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/phytolacca-americana-ree/): Phytolaccaceae; REE 1040 µg g⁻¹; North America, naturalised in China; verification: hypothesized.
- [Pityrogramma calomelanos](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pityrogramma-calomelanos/): Pteridaceae; As 8350 µg g⁻¹; Tropical America, pantropical (naturalised); verification: review-cited.
- [Pronephrium simplex](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pronephrium-simplex/): Thelypteridaceae; REE 1500 µg g⁻¹; South China; verification: hypothesized.
- [Psychotria douarrei](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/psychotria-douarrei/): Rubiaceae; Ni 47500 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Psychotria sarmentosa](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/psychotria-sarmentosa/): Rubiaceae; Ni 24200 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo), Philippines; verification: review-cited.
- [Pteris vittata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pteris-vittata/): Pteridaceae; As 22630 µg g⁻¹; Pantropical and subtropical; verification: primary-measured.
- [Pycnandra acuminata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/pycnandra-acuminata/): Sapotaceae; Ni 11700 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: primary-measured.
- [Rinorea bengalensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/rinorea-bengalensis/): Violaceae; Ni 17500 µg g⁻¹; Southeast Asia, Melanesia; verification: review-cited.
- [Rinorea niccolifera](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/rinorea-niccolifera/): Violaceae; Ni 18000 µg g⁻¹; Philippines (Luzon); verification: review-cited.
- [Sarcotheca celebica](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/sarcotheca-celebica/): Oxalidaceae; Ni 1039 µg g⁻¹; Indonesia (Sulawesi); verification: review-cited.
- [Sedum alfredii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/sedum-alfredii/): Crassulaceae; Cd 900 µg g⁻¹, Zn 19600 µg g⁻¹; China (southeastern); verification: review-cited.
- [Sedum plumbizincicola](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/sedum-plumbizincicola/): Crassulaceae; Zn 19000 µg g⁻¹, Cd 3600 µg g⁻¹; China (eastern); verification: review-cited.
- [Senecio coronatus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/senecio-coronatus/): Asteraceae; Ni 5700 µg g⁻¹; South Africa; verification: review-cited.
- [Silene latifolia](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/silene-latifolia/): Caryophyllaceae; Tl 80000 µg g⁻¹; Italy, North Macedonia (Allchar); verification: review-cited.
- [Solanum nigrum](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/solanum-nigrum-cd/): Solanaceae; Cd 160 µg g⁻¹; Cosmopolitan (temperate & tropical); verification: review-cited.
- [Stackhousia tryonii](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/stackhousia-tryonii/): Celastraceae; Ni 41300 µg g⁻¹; Australia (Queensland); verification: review-cited.
- [Stanleya pinnata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/stanleya-pinnata/): Brassicaceae; Se 3500 µg g⁻¹; North America (western); verification: review-cited.
- [Sticheropsis milnei](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/sticheropsis-milnei/): Gleicheniaceae; REE 1290 µg g⁻¹; Australasia; verification: hypothesized.
- [Sticherus flabellatus](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/sticherus-flabellatus/): Gleicheniaceae; REE 1130 µg g⁻¹; Australia (eastern); verification: hypothesized.
- [Streptanthus polygaloides](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/streptanthus-polygaloides/): Brassicaceae; Ni 14800 µg g⁻¹; USA (California); verification: review-cited.
- [Viola allchariensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/viola-allchariensis/): Violaceae; Tl 7060 µg g⁻¹; North Macedonia (Allchar); verification: review-cited.
- [Viola arsenica](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/viola-arsenica/): Violaceae; Tl 23900 µg g⁻¹; North Macedonia (Allchar); verification: review-cited.
- [Viola tricolor subsp. macedonica](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/viola-tricolor-macedonica/): Violaceae; Tl 4650 µg g⁻¹; North Macedonia (Allchar); verification: review-cited.
- [Virotia neurophylla](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/virotia-neurophylla/): Proteaceae; Mn 55200 µg g⁻¹; New Caledonia; verification: review-cited.
- [Walsura pinnata](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/walsura-pinnata/): Meliaceae; Ni 4580 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo); verification: review-cited.
- [Xylosma luzoniensis](https://hyperaccumulate.com/species/xylosma-luzoniensis/): Salicaceae; Ni 5360 µg g⁻¹; Malaysia (Sabah, Borneo), Philippines (Luzon); verification: review-cited.

## News & analysis

- [A vernalization-free way to transform Noccaea caerulescens shifts the bottleneck from years to accessions](https://hyperaccumulate.com/analysis/transforming-noccaea-without-the-cold-room/): The real gain is calendar time, not hit rate, and the method lands on the zinc/cadmium side of the model hyperaccumulator while the one nickel race it was tested on failed.
- [What nickel agromining actually recovers, and what still limits it](https://hyperaccumulate.com/analysis/agromining-comes-of-age/): Farming hyperaccumulators for metal is real, but its economics turn on a few specific plant traits: biomass, foliar grade, and where the nickel sits in the tissue.

## Reference pages
- [Methodology & verification](https://hyperaccumulate.com/methodology/)
- [Glossary](https://hyperaccumulate.com/glossary/)
- [Sources & bibliography](https://hyperaccumulate.com/sources/)